-
1 вакуумирование стали
вакуумирование стали
Кратковрем. обработка жидкой стали под вакуумом с целью улучшения ее качества за счет уменьшения в ней при обычных способах выплавки содержания газов (Н2, N2, О2) и неметаллич. включений, а при спец. методах выплавки и нек-рых др. элементов (напр., Mn, Pb, Zn, Сu). Идея применения вакуумной обработки жидкой стали для улучшения ее кач-ва возникла у Бессемера в 1883 г., но первые промышл. опыты в 1914 и 1932 гг. не дали положит, результатов, гл. обр., из-за недостат. мощности вакуумных насосов. С 1946 г. началось опытно-промышл. освоение вакуумной обработки жидкой стали при переливе ее из ковша в ковш.
[ http://metaltrade.ru/abc/a.htm]Тематики
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вакуумирование стали
-
2 вакуумирование
1. с. vacuum processing, vacuum treatment2. с. evacuation3. с. degassing -
3 Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. between 3 October and 15 November 1535 Vico Equense, near Naples, Italyd. 4 February 1615 Naples, Italy[br]Italian natural philosopher who published many scientific books, one of which covered ideas for the use of steam.[br]Giambattista della Porta spent most of his life in Naples, where some time before 1580 he established the Accademia dei Segreti, which met at his house. In 1611 he was enrolled among the Oziosi in Naples, then the most renowned literary academy. He was examined by the Inquisition, which, although he had become a lay brother of the Jesuits by 1585, banned all further publication of his books between 1592 and 1598.His first book, the Magiae Naturalis, which covered the secrets of nature, was published in 1558. He had been collecting material for it since the age of 15 and he saw that science should not merely represent theory and contemplation but must arrive at practical and experimental expression. In this work he described the hardening of files and pieces of armour on quite a large scale, and it included the best sixteenth-century description of heat treatment for hardening steel. In the 1589 edition of this work he covered ways of improving vision at a distance with concave and convex lenses; although he may have constructed a compound microscope, the history of this instrument effectively begins with Galileo. His theoretical and practical work on lenses paved the way for the telescope and he also explored the properties of parabolic mirrors.In 1563 he published a treatise on cryptography, De Furtivis Liter arum Notis, which he followed in 1566 with another on memory and mnemonic devices, Arte del Ricordare. In 1584 and 1585 he published treatises on horticulture and agriculture based on careful study and practice; in 1586 he published De Humana Physiognomonia, on human physiognomy, and in 1588 a treatise on the physiognomy of plants. In 1593 he published his De Refractione but, probably because of the ban by the Inquisition, no more were produced until the Spiritali in 1601 and his translation of Ptolemy's Almagest in 1605. In 1608 two new works appeared: a short treatise on military fortifications; and the De Distillatione. There was an important work on meteorology in 1610. In 1601 he described a device similar to Hero's mechanisms which opened temple doors, only Porta used steam pressure instead of air to force the water out of its box or container, up a pipe to where it emptied out into a higher container. Under the lower box there was a small steam boiler heated by a fire. He may also have been the first person to realize that condensed steam would form a vacuum, for there is a description of another piece of apparatus where water is drawn up into a container at the top of a long pipe. The container was first filled with steam so that, when cooled, a vacuum would be formed and water drawn up into it. These are the principles on which Thomas Savery's later steam-engine worked.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of Scientific Biography, 1975, Vol. XI, New York: C.Scribner's Sons (contains a full biography).H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains an account of his contributions to the early development of the steam-engine).C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford University Press (contains accounts of some of his other discoveries).I.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, 2nd edn., New York: Doubleday.G.Sarton, 1957, Six wings: Men of Science in the Renaissance, London: Bodley Head, pp. 85–8.RLH / IMcNBiographical history of technology > Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della
См. также в других словарях:
steel vacuum treatment (processing) — Смотри вакуумирование стали … Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии
steel — steellike, adj. /steel/, n. 1. any of various modified forms of iron, artificially produced, having a carbon content less than that of pig iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of hardness, elasticity, and strength varying … Universalium
Vacuum furnace — A vacuum furnace is a type of furnace that can heat materials, typically metals, to very high temperatures and carry out processes such as brazing, sintering and heat treatment with high consistency and low contamination. In a vacuum furnace the… … Wikipedia
Stainless steel — Iron alloy phases Ferrite (α iron, δ iron) Austenite (γ iron) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite) … Wikipedia
вакуумирование стали — [steel vacuum treatment (processing)] кратковременная обработка жидкой стали под вакуумом с целью улучшения ее качества за счет уменьшения в ней при обычных способах выплавки содержания газов (H2, N2, О2) и неметаллических включений, а при… … Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии
ВАКУУМИРОВАНИЕ СТАЛИ — [steel vacuum treatment (processing)] кратковременная обработка жидкой стали под вакуумом с целью улучшения ее качества за счет уменьшения в ней при обычных способах выплавки содержания газов (Н2, N2, О2) и неметаллических включений, а при… … Металлургический словарь
вакуумирование стали — Кратковрем. обработка жидкой стали под вакуумом с целью улучшения ее качества за счет уменьшения в ней при обычных способах выплавки содержания газов (Н2, N2, О2) и неметаллич. включений, а при спец. методах выплавки и нек рых др. элементов (напр … Справочник технического переводчика
Superconducting Radio Frequency — (SRF) science and technology involves the application of electrical superconductors to radio frequency devices. The ultra low electrical loss of the superconductor yields RF resonators with extremely high quality factors, or Q . For example, it… … Wikipedia
Canning — is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container. The process was first developed as a French military discovery. The packaging prevents microorganisms from entering and proliferating inside.To… … Wikipedia
Ferritic nitrocarburizing — Not to be confused with Carbonitriding. Ferritic nitrocarburizing is a range of case hardening processes that diffuse nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub critical temperatures. The processing temperature ranges from 525 °C… … Wikipedia
Espérance-Longdoz — Société des Charbonnages, Hauts Fourneaux et Laminoirs de l Espérance (1863 1877) Société métallurgique d Espérance Longdoz (1877 1970) Industry Steel Predecessor Société anonyme des Hauts Fourneaux, Usines et Charbonnages de l Espérance and… … Wikipedia
